St Albans
St Albans /sɨnt ˈɔːlbənz/ is a city in southern Hertfordshire, England, around 22 miles (35 km) north of central London, which forms the main urban area of the City and District of St Albans. It is a historic market town, and is now a sought-after dormitory town within the London commuter belt. Property prices are notoriously high within the district, which is one of the most expensive in the UK.
St Albans has two official demonyms: Verulamian and Old Albanian. St Albans was a settlement of pre-Roman origin named Verlamion (or Verulam) by the Ancient British, Catuvellauni tribe. It became the first major town on the old Roman road of Watling Street for travellers heading north and became the Roman city of Verulamium.
Saint Alban, the first British Christian martyr, was beheaded in AD 308 by Maximian at the orders of Emperor Diocletian, who denounced the Christian faith and had ordered the deaths of all subjects and allies of the Roman Empire who refused to give up the faith.[2] Saint Alban consequently gave the town its modern name.
History
The St Albans area has a long history of settlement. The Celtic Catuvellauni tribe had a settlement at Prae Hill a mile or so to the west. The Roman city of Verulamium, second-largest town in Roman Britain after Londinium, was built alongside this in the valley of the River Ver a little nearer to the present city centre.
After the Roman withdrawal, and prior to becoming known as St Albans, the town was called Verlamchester or Wæclingacaester by the Mercian Angles.
The mediaeval town grew up on the hill to the east of this around the Benedictine foundation of St Albans Abbey. This is the spot where tradition has it that St Alban, the first British Christian martyr, was beheaded sometime before AD 324. It was, at one time, the principal abbey in England and the first draft of Magna Carta was drawn up there, reflecting its political importance. The Abbey Church, now St Albans Cathedral (formally the Cathedral & Abbey Church of St Alban but still known locally as The Abbey) became the parish church when it was bought by the local people in 1553, soon after the priory was dissolved in 1539. It was made a cathedral in 1877 when the City Charter was granted. There is evidence that the original site was somewhat higher up the hill than the present building and there had certainly been successive abbeys before the current building was started in 1077.
St Albans School, a public school which occupies a site to the west of the Abbey and which includes the 14th century Abbey Gateway, was founded in AD 948 and is the only school in the English-speaking world to have educated a Pope (Adrian IV). It numbered amongst its buildings until comparatively recently a converted former hat factory, a link with the city's industrial past. Nearby Luton was also a notable centre for the hat making industry.
The road between the Abbey and the school, running down to the River Ver and Verulamium Park (on part of the site of Roman Verulamium), is called Abbey Mill Lane. On this road are the palaces of the Bishops of St Albans and Hertford. The Fighting Cocks, one of the oldest public houses in England, is at the Verulamium Park end of this road. Also on the River Ver, at the St Michael's Village end of the park, is Kingsbury Watermill, which is now maintained as a museum with a waffle house attached.
Two battles of the Wars of the Roses took place in or near the town. The First Battle of St Albans was fought on 22 May 1455 within the town of St Albans itself, and the Second Battle of St Albans was fought on 17 February 1461, just to the north.[3]
The growth of St Albans was generally slow before the 20th century, reflecting its status as a rural market town, a Christian pilgrimage site, and the first coaching stop of the route to and from London - a fact which also accounts for its numerous inns, many dating from Tudor times. In the inter-war years it became a popular centre for the electronics industry. In the post-World War II years it was expanded significantly as part of the post-War redistribution of population out of Greater London that also saw the creation of new towns.
The city today shows evidence of building and excavation from all periods of its history and is a tourist destination. Notable buildings include the Abbey and the early 15th century Clock Tower (pictured). The clock tower is one of only two similar towers in England; it is also the site of an Eleanor cross, which was pulled down in 1703, it had suffered years of neglect, and had been struck and badly damaged by a carriage, it was replaced by the town pump. A fountain was erected in its place in 1874, now relocated to Victoria Place.
Running into St Albans from the south is Holywell Hill (generally pronounced "holly-well hill"), its name taken from the story of St Alban: legend has it that the Romans were looking for a traitor that had been injured and Alban found the traitor and helped him to recover, but soon after he had recovered and left the Romans found out that he had helped the traitor to escape and beheaded him, his severed head rolled down the hill from the execution site and into a well at the bottom of Hollywell Hill.
The mixed character of St Albans and proximity to London has made it a popular filming location. The Abbey and Fishpool Street areas were used for the pilot episode of the 1960s' ecclesiastical TV comedy All Gas and Gaiters. The area of Romeland, directly north of the Abbey Gateway and the walls of the Abbey and school grounds, can be seen masquerading as part of an Oxford college in some episodes of Inspector Morse (and several local pubs also appear). Fishpool Street, running from Romeland to St Michael's village, stood in for Hastings in some episodes of Foyle's War. Life Begins was filmed largely in and around St Albans. The Lady Chapel in the Abbey itself was used as a location for at least one scene in Sean Connery's 1995 film First Knight, whilst the nave of the Abbey was used during a coronation scene as a substitute for Westminster Abbey in Johnny English starring Rowan Atkinson. The 19th century gatehouse of the former prison near the mainline station appeared in the title sequence of the TV series Porridge, starring Ronnie Barker. The 2001 film Birthday Girl starring Ben Chaplin and Nicole Kidman was also partly filmed in St Albans.
More recently, several scenes from the film Incendiary, starring Michelle Williams, Ewan McGregor and Matthew Macfadyen, were filmed in St Albans, focusing in particular on the Abbey and the Abbey Gateway. It is also home to popular stage school: Top Hat Stage & Screen School.
Geography
Climate
St Albans experiences an oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification Cfb) similar to almost all of the United Kingdom.
| Climate data for St Albans |
| Month |
Jan |
Feb |
Mar |
Apr |
May |
Jun |
Jul |
Aug |
Sep |
Oct |
Nov |
Dec |
Year |
| Average high °C (°F) |
9
(48) |
9
(48) |
12
(54) |
14
(57) |
18
(64) |
21
(70) |
23
(73) |
23
(73) |
20
(68) |
16
(61) |
11
(52) |
8
(46) |
15
(59) |
| Average low °C (°F) |
5
(41) |
5
(41) |
6
(43) |
8
(46) |
10
(50) |
13
(55) |
15
(59) |
16
(61) |
13
(55) |
11
(52) |
8
(46) |
5
(41) |
10
(50) |
| Precipitation mm (inches) |
50.7
(1.996) |
39.9
(1.571) |
31.7
(1.248) |
46.2
(1.819) |
38.9
(1.531) |
46.4
(1.827) |
33.1
(1.303) |
43.6
(1.717) |
49.7
(1.957) |
70.7
(2.783) |
58.1
(2.287) |
56.9
(2.24) |
565.9
(22.28) |
| Source: [4] |
Twinning
St Albans is twinned with:
In addition, there are friendship links with:
Culture
St Albans has a thriving cultural life, with regular concerts and theatre productions held at venues including St Albans Abbey, Maltings Arts Theatre,[5] the Alban Arena, the Abbey Theatre,[6] St Peter's Church and St Saviour's Church, given by numerous organisations including St Albans Bach Choir,[7] St Albans Cathedral Choir, St Albans Abbey Girl's Choir, St Albans Symphony Orchestra,[8] St Albans Chamber Choir,[9] St Albans Chamber Opera,[10] The Company of Ten,[11] St Albans Choral Society,[12] and St Albans Organ Theatre.[13] In addition, STARTS[14] is a registered charity dedicated to raising the profile of all the arts in St Albans and enriching the city’s cultural environment. The Sandpit Theatre is a theatre attached to Sandringham School which hosts a wide variety of plays throughout the year, mainly performances put on by the pupils of Sandringham School. The school also hosts Best Theatre Arts,[15] a part-time theatre school for children aged 4 to 16.
The St Albans Museum service runs two museums: Verulamium Museum, which tells the story of everyday life in Roman Britain using objects from the excavations of the important Roman Town; and the Museum of St Albans, which focuses on the history of the town and of Saint Alban.[16]
Sport
In December 2007, Sport England published a survey which revealed that residents of St Albans were the 10th most active in England in sports and other fitness activities. 30.8% of the population participate at least 3 times a week for 90 minutes.[17]
St Albans is home to one of the country's oldest and finest indoor skateparks, the Pioneer Skatepark in Heathlands Drive, next to the former fire station. Its ramps are available to all skateboarders and inliners. A new outside mini ramp was built in March 2005. A second outdoor mini ramp was opened at Easter 2009.
The local football team is St Albans City F.C.: its stadium is on the edge of Clarence Park and the team won promotion from the Conference South League in 2005-06. It played in the Nationwide Conference Division of the Football Conference for the 2006-07 season, but finished at the bottom of the table and was relegated.[18]
St Albans Centurions rugby league club have their ground at Toulmin Drive, St Albans. They play in the Rugby League Conference Premier South division. In 2007 and again in 2010 'The Cents', as they are known, became National Champions of the RLC Premier Divisions.
Old Albanian RFC is a rugby union club that plays at the Old Albanian sports complex to the north of the city centre. Saracens A team and OA Saints Women's Rugby team also play here. This complex also hosts the main offices of the Aviva Premiership club Saracens (however, Saracens train in Hatfield and play home matches at in Watford). St Albans RFC play at Boggymead Spring in Smallford, and Verulamians RFC (formerly Old Verulamians) play at Cotlandswick in London Colney.
St Albans is also home to St Albans Hockey Club,[19] based in Clarence Park. The club is represented at National league level by both women's and men's teams, as well as other local league competitions. The club's nickname is The Tangerines.
Clarence Park also plays host to St Albans Cricket Club.[20] The club currently runs four Saturday sides, playing in the Saracens Hertfordshire Cricket League and also two Sunday sides in the Chess Valley Cricket League. In 2008 the club's 1st XI won the Hertfordshire League Title.
St Albans Gymnastics Club, founded in 2005, provides the St Albans area with fun and effectively structured recreational classes as well as a professionally managed competitive squad training programme.[21]
St Albans is additionally home to a community of traceurs from around Hertfordshire.[22]
St Albans was once home to the then most prestigious steeplechase in England. The Great St Albans chase attracted the best horses and riders from across Britain and Ireland in the 1830s and was held in such high esteem that when it clashed with the 1837 Grand National the top horses and riders chose to bypass Aintree. Without warning the race was discontinued in 1839 and was quickly forgotten.
Schools
The secondary schools in the area are:
- State
- Independent
The primary schools in the area are:
- Free
- Alban City School (Free School)
- State
- Abbey C of E Voluntary Aided Primary (Church of England)
- Aboyne Lodge
- Bernards Heath Infant
- Bernards Heath Junior
- Camp Primary and Nursery
- Cunningham Hill Infant
- Cunningham Hill Junior
- Fleetville Infant & Nursery
- Fleetville JM
- Garden Fields JMI
- Killigrew
- Mandeville Primary (St Albans)
- Maple
- Margaret Wix Primary
- St Adrian's RC Primary School & Nursery (Roman Catholic)
- St Alban & St Stephen Catholic Infant & Nursery (Roman Catholic)
- St Alban & St Stephen Catholic Junior (Roman Catholic)
- St Michael's C of E VA Primary (St Albans) (Church of England)
- St Peter's (St Albans)
- Wheatfields Infants' and Nursery
- Wheatfields Junior
- Windermere Primary
St Albans is the location of two campuses of Oaklands College and of a campus of the University of Hertfordshire.
Notable people
- Kate Allan (b. 1975), author, lived in St Albans
- Olivia Allison (b.1990), GB synchronised swimmer, attended St. Albans Girls' School.
- Rod Argent (b. 1945), musician and songwriter, The Zombies (Argent with Colin Blunstone, Chris White, Paul Atkinson and Hugh Grundy) was formed while the members were at school in St Albans
- Dean Austin, former Spurs footballer, lives in nearby Chiswell Green
- Francis Bacon (1561–1626), philosopher, scientist and statesman, lived at Old Gorhambury House. Bacon was also styled "Viscount St Albans" from 1618
- Nicholas Bacon (1509–1579), Lord Keeper of the Great Seal under Queen Elizabeth I, built Old Gorhambury House
- John Ball (c. 1338-1381), Lollard priest, played prominent part in the English Peasants' Revolt of 1381
- Edmund Beckett, 1st Baron Grimthorpe (Lord Grimthorpe) (1816–1905), lawyer, amateur horologist, and architect; best-known locally for rebuilding the west front of St Albans Cathedral in 1880-1885 at his own expense, but also designed Big Ben. Lived at Batchwood Hall
- William Henry Bell (1873–1946), musician, composer and first director of the South African College of Music
- Steve Blinkhorn (b. 1949), occupational psychologist, has lived in St Albans for many years
- Nicholas Breakspear (c.1100-1159), later Pope Adrian IV, born in Abbots Langley, attended school in St Albans
- Cheryl Campbell (b. 1949), actor
- Paul Cattermole (b. 1977), former member of S Club 7, was born in St Albans
- Ralph Chubb (1892–1960), lithographer
- Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough (1660–1744), wife of John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough and close friend of Queen Anne, was born in St Albans
- Chris Clark, electronic musician, attended school in St Albans
- Steve Collins (b. 1964), former boxer
- Don Cowie (b.1983) Watford FC footballer, lives in Napsbury Park just outside St Albans
- William Cowper, 1st Earl Cowper (c. 1665-1723), Lord Chancellor of England
- Stacey Dooley (b.1987), television presenter, lives in St Albans
- Enter Shikari, post-hardcore band, all members born and raised in St Albans
- David Essex (b. 1947), singer, lives in St Albans
- Siobhan Fahey (b. 1957), singer from Bananarama and Shakespear's Sister, attended Loreto College
- Les Ferdinand (b. 1966), England footballer, lives in nearby Bricket Wood
- Friendly Fires, indie pop band from St Albans
- Nigel Gibbs (b. 1965), former Watford, footballer was born in St Albans
- John Gosling (b. 1948), former member of The Kinks, now teaches music at a school in St Albans
- Russell Green (b. 1959), cricketer
- Willis Hall (1929–2005), playwright and TV scriptwriter, lived in St Albans for many years and was for a while president of St Albans City F.C.
- Tommy Hampson (1907–1965), athlete, olympic gold medal winner and world record holder, taught at St Albans School
- Tim Hart (1948–2009), musician and former guitarist in Steeleye Span, lived in St Albans and attended St Albans School
- John Hartson (b. 1975), footballer, used to live in St Albans
- Stephen Hawking (b. 1942), theoretical physicist, educated at St Albans School
- Christopher Herbert (b. 1944), 9th Bishop of St Albans 1995-2009
- Benny Hill (1924–1992), TV comic, lived in St Albans
- Jimmy Hill (b. 1928), TV presenter and football personality, used to live in St Albans
- Ian Holloway (b. 1963), Blackpool F.C manager, used to live in St Albans
- Matthew Holness, comedian, better known as Garth Marenghi, lives in St Albans
- Kurt Jackson, artist, lived in St Albans and attended Francis Bacon School as a teenager
- Jeffrey John (b. 1953), Dean of St Albans since 2004
- Minhyong Kim, mathematician, lives in St Albans
- Stanley Kubrick (1928–1999), film auteur, resided in Childwickbury Manor, from 1978 until his death
- Adam Lallana (b. 1988), footballer, born in St Albans
- Stephen Lander (b. 1947), former head of MI5, has lived in St Albans for many years
- Mark Lawson (b.1962), broadcaster and columnist for The Guardian, attended St Columba's College
- Christopher Lewis (b. 1944), Dean of St Albans 1994-2003
- Lowgold, indie band formed in St Albans. Two band members attended the University of Hertfordshire in Hatfield
- Philip Madoc (b. 1934), actor, lives locally
- John Mandeville (14th century), compiler of a singular book of supposed travels, reputedly born in St Albans
- Rosie Marcel (b.1977), actor, Jac Naylor in BBC One's Holby City, lives in St Albans
- Nigel Marven, television wildlife presenter, was bought up in St Albans and attended Francis Bacon School
- Arthur Melbourne-Cooper (1874–1961), pioneering film maker, born in St Albans
- Peter Mensah (b.1959), actor, Oenomaus in the TV series Spartacus, grew up in St Albans
- Michael Morpurgo (b. 1943), author, born in St Albans
- Albert Moses (b. 1937), actor, Mind Your Language, producer and director, lives in St Albans
- John Motson (b. 1945), football commentator, lived in St Albans (now lives in Harpenden)
- Herbert Mundin (1898–1939), character actor, lived in St Albans from a young age and educated at St Albans School
- Mike Newell (b. 1942), film director, used to live in St Albans and attended St Albans School
- George Noble {b. 1987}, Former Lead singer and founding member of Your Demise now a semi-professional Muay-Thai Boxer
- Ardal O'Hanlon (b.1965), Father Ted star and stand up comedian, lives in St Albans
- Eleanor Ormerod (1828–1901), entomologist, lived and died in St Albans
- William Page (1861–1934), historian and editor, lived here 1896-1904 and took part in archaeological excavations in the city.
- Ayan Panja (b. 1973), doctor and presenter of BBC series Street Doctor and The Health Show, is based in St Albans
- Matthew Paris (c.1200-1259), Benedictine monk, chronicler of the history of St Albans Abbey
- Rupert Parkes (b. 1972) a.k.a. Photek, record producer and DJ, was born in St Albans
- Julian Perretta (b. 1989), singer-songwriter
- Allan Prior (1922–2006), TV scriptwriter, co-creator of Z Cars, and father of Maddy Prior (b. 1947), lived in St Albans (also where Maddy grew up)
- Chris Read (b.1978), England cricketer, lives in St Albans
- Tim Rice (b. 1944), lyricist, attended St Albans School
- Ian Ridley, football writer, lives in St Albans and is on the board of St Albans City F.C.
- Luke Roberts, actor, Holby City, lives in St Albans
- Jim Rodford (b. 1941), musician, member of Argent and The Kinks and cousin of Rod Argent
- James Runcie, author and film maker, lives in St Albans
- Robert Runcie (1921–2000), Bishop of St Albans 1970-1980, later Archbishop of Canterbury 1980-1991. Now buried in the grounds of St Albans Cathedral
- Samuel Ryder (1858–1936), seed merchant, founder of the Ryder Cup
- Saving Aimee, a pop-rock band from St Albans
- George Gilbert Scott (1811–1878), architect, restored St Albans Abbey 1856-1877
- Jonny Seabrook, (b. 1973), Broadcaster on Radio Verulam. Presenter of The Radio Verulam Sunday Lunch since 2007. Resides in St Albans
- John Sessions (b. 1953), actor and comedian, attended St Albans Boys' Grammar School (now Verulam School), patron of St Albans Arts, along with Maddy Prior
- Gilberto Silva (b. 1976), Brazilian footballer, played for Arsenal FC, used to live in St Albans
- Alan Smith, (b. 1957), Bishop of St Albans since 2009
- Danny Smith, (b. 1975), Broadcaster on Radio Verulam. Presenter of West Herts Drivetime since 2010. Resides in St Albans
- Justin Somper, author, born in St Albans
- Jonathan Stroud (b. 1970), author, lived in St Albans, now in Harpenden
- Ulsinus (fl. 10th century), Abbot of St Albans Abbey, reputed founder in 948 of St Albans School, and St Michael's, St Peter's and St Stephen's churches
- Mike Walling (b.1950), comedy actor and scriptwriter, lived in St Albans 1990-2010
- Richard of Wallingford (1292–1336), Abbot of St Albans Abbey, mathematician, horologist and astronomer
- Thomas Spencer Wells (1818–1897), surgeon to Queen Victoria and president of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, born and educated in St Albans
- Charles Williams (1886–1945), writer and publisher, lived in St Albans 1894-1917 and attended St Albans School
- Helen Wyman (b. 1981), cyclist, five times British cyclo-cross champion, born in St Albans[23]
- Graham Frederick Young (1947–1990), the infamous "Teacup Poisoner", tried at St Albans Crown Court in 1972
- Your Demise, punk band
- Yevgeny Zamyatin (1884–1937), novelist, lived in Fleetville after the Russian Revolution. His 1921 novel We, a story of a dystopian future, was influenced by his experiences in Hertfordshire
In popular culture
- The 1957 April Fool's Day spoof edition of BBC documentary series Panorama, which dealt with the fictitious Swiss spaghetti harvest, was filmed partly at the (now closed) Pasta Foods factory on London Road, St Albans.
- The 2001 film Birthday Girl, featuring Nicole Kidman and Ben Chaplin, is set in St Albans.
- A number of places across the world are named after the City of St Albans, most notably in Australia, New Zealand & the United States.
- St Albans was the name of a planet in the cult science-fiction television series Firefly.
- In September 2007, St Albans replaced Mayfair as the most expensive square on a special UK Here and Now Edition Monopoly board, having won an internet vote.
- Enter Shikari's song "All eyes on the Saint" (B-side of "Juggernauts" single) tells the story of St Alban.[24]
- The BBC used the Main Gate House of the former St Albans Prison in Victoria Street as the main gate of "Slade Prison" in the sitcom, Porridge.[25]
Photo gallery
See also
Nearby towns and villages
References
- ^ "Office for National Statistics, 2001 Census, Key Statistics for HCC Settlements #. Crown copyright. Table KS01 Usual resident population (numbers)" (PDF). http://www.hertsdirect.org/infobase/docs/pdfstore/tabKS01sett.pdf. Retrieved 2010-07-17.
- ^ Legendary Tales of the Ancient Britons, 1864, L. Menzies, adapted from the Latin Chronicles of Geoffrey of Monmouth.
- ^ History of Verulam and St. Alban's S. G. Shaw, 1815 pages 64-66. Accessed April 2011
- ^ "Averages for St Albans". June 2011. http://weather.msn.com/monthly_averages.aspx?wealocations=wc:UKXX0429&q=St.+Albans%2c+GBR+forecast:averagesm.
- ^ "The Maltings Arts Theatre, St Albans". Stalbans.gov.uk. http://www.stalbans.gov.uk/mat/. Retrieved 2010-07-17.
- ^ "Abbey Theatre, Trestle Arts Base, St Albans". Abbeytheatre.org.uk. http://www.abbeytheatre.org.uk/. Retrieved 2010-07-17.
- ^ "St Albans Bach Choir". St Albans Bach Choir. 2010-07-10. http://www.stalbansbachchoir.org.uk/. Retrieved 2010-07-17.
- ^ "St Albans Symphony Orchestra". Saso.org.uk. 2010-07-11. http://www.saso.org.uk. Retrieved 2010-07-17.
- ^ Concerts Posted on April 25th, 2010 by admin (2010-04-25). "St Albans Chamber Choir". St Albans Chamber Choir. http://www.stalbanschamberchoir.org.uk/. Retrieved 2010-07-17.
- ^ "St Albans Chamber Opera". Hertsdirect.org. http://www.hertsdirect.org/comdirectory/comvol/hobbi2y/hymusi3y/operasoc4/808260. Retrieved 2010-07-17.
- ^ "The Company of Ten, St Albans". Hertsdirect.org. http://www.hertsdirect.org/comdirectory/comvol/hobbi2y/hydram3y/amdramstalbans/514749. Retrieved 2010-07-17.
- ^ "St Albans Choral Society". Choralsociety.com. http://www.choralsociety.com/. Retrieved 2010-07-17.
- ^ "St Albans Organ Theatre". St Albans Organ Theatre. http://www.stalbansorgantheatre.org.uk/. Retrieved 2010-07-17.
- ^ "St Albans Arts". STARTS. http://www.starts.org.uk/. Retrieved 2010-07-17.
- ^ "Best Theatre Arts". Best Theatre Arts. http://www.besttheatrearts.com/. Retrieved 2010-07-17.
- ^ "St Albans Museums". St Albans Museums. http://www.stalbansmuseums.org.uk/Sites. Retrieved 2011-08-11.
- ^ "Sport England—Active People Survey". Sportengland.org. http://www.sportengland.org/index/get_resources/research/active_people/active_people_survey_headline_results.htm. Retrieved 2010-07-17.
- ^ Football Conference—Blue Square Premier Table
- ^ "St Albans Hockey Club". Stalbanshc.co.uk. 2010-04-17. http://www.stalbanshc.co.uk/. Retrieved 2010-07-17.
- ^ "St Albans Cricket Club". Stalbanscc.com. http://www.stalbanscc.com. Retrieved 2010-07-17.
- ^ "St Albans Gymnastics Club". stalbansgymclub.com. http://www.stalbansgymclub.com. Retrieved 2010-09-02.
- ^ "Hertfordshire Parkour". Hertsparkour.co.uk. http://www.hertsparkour.co.uk. Retrieved 2010-07-17.
- ^ ""The muddiest, funnest sport of attrition": an interview with Helen Wyman on her life in Cyclo-Cross". 2010-10-25. http://www.podiumcafe.com/2010/10/24/1768062/the-muddiest-funnest-sport-of-attrition-an-interview-with-helen-wyman. Retrieved 2010-11-05.
- ^ "Enter Shikari - "All eyes on the Saint" lyrics". Songmeanings.net. http://www.songmeanings.net/songs/view/3530822107858782035/. Retrieved 2010-07-17.
- ^ >{{cite web|url=http://www.sitcom.co.uk/porridge/location.shtml
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